I'm not sure I would reference it as strictly Jewish in nature. The knowledge contained in Kabbalah and its teachings seems to have come from earlier cultures. The main idea behind it, I would suggest, is not unique. The Kabbalah is just easier to point at and shout "magic!" than Ancient Egyptian, Hebrew, Druidic, Indian, or Chinese systems. You can see branches of this in cultures that developed alongside mid-late Jewish tradition, like certain schools of "Christian" Mysticism (ex: the original Coptic church). That's also not an exhaustive list; it's just that a lot of other cultures do not have writings or living traditions due to violent historical events.
Either way, Kabbalah itself is a handy way to convey an awful lot of knowledge in not much space. You may get further with it if you pair it with the Hermetic traditions, as it gives you a much better outline of the macro vs the micro that way.
I will certainly say that the air of suspicion, fear, and contempt surrounding the teachings like Kabbalah doesn't help things. They've been under strict gatekeeping for a very long time (which really made the problem worse, good intentions or not), and it lends an air of superstition to things..which then leads to things like vandalism/destruction of invaluable wisdom handed down from ages long past.
There are great lessons to be had from any given mystery school, but only if the seeker is willing to put aside preconceptions. I would suggest that if you'd like to skip some steps and read a more (relatively) modern source that did a lot of the legwork piecing together the greater puzzle for you, then the works of Rudolf Steiner is a decent starting point.
Happy hunting.