Updates:
Planter is running into issues. Now I believe that he still wins because he can attack Collins on abortion due to her voting for Kavanaugh and her approval ratings going down back this up. It is good enough to move it from Likely-->Lean D.
Talarico isn't as good as 2018 Beto. Not changing the rating but it is enough to declare OH the tipping point state for Senate control.
Now pretty confident that Muslim guy wins MI primary so I would remove the asterisk from that rating.
There is zero chance Collins loses.
The issue with warm lighting is that our eyes are much less sensitive to it when it's dark (scotopic vision), so even though sodium vapor lamps are quite efficient, especially the monocromatic low pressure variant, they're much less efficient than cold LEDs at night. IMHO white LEDs are the way on highways and large avenues where driver vision is critical. In residential or suburban streets, warm lighting, be it sodium or warm LEDs, is better for aesthetic and sleep deprivation reasons.
There is a lot of confusion here about efficiency and what the new LED lamps are supposed to solve. I’ll try to break things down in a more clear manner.
Efficiency of lamps is measured in lumens per watt. A lumen is visible light flux from a source. The ‘visible light’ is key. It means lumens already compensate for how we perceive different colors in different brightness levels (yellow looks brighter than blue given the same power). So you can compare lm/W of two lamps, regardless of the colors, and determine which is more efficient for illuminating an area. Therefore LPS lamps are the most efficient light source. End of story.
What the white LEDs do better is provide a better CRI (color rendering index), which is kind of a complicated metric. Basically, stuff with a higher CRI is supposed to better represent a blackbody. So an incandescent light bulb (tungsten, halogen, doesn’t matter) has a CRI of 100 by definition. The CRI of the sun is 100. Typical white LEDs on the market today will have a CRI of 80 or more. But CRI is a highly flawed measurement. Two LEDs can have a very high CRI and end up looking very different. The industry is considering other, more accurate, measurements, but CRI is still heavily relied upon.
Now the benefit of a high CRI lamp is that you can perceive
color more accurately. However, in order to perceive color, you must excite the LMS cones in your eye. These three cones correspond to red, green, and blue, respectively. Now, the precise color temperature does not actually matter here. Even 2700 K light has
a lot of blue light, and even 9300 K light has
a lot of red light. The light is still fundamentally white. This is different from LPS and even HPS lamps which are much more narrowband.
Now the rods in your eyes are sensitive to blue-green light, and it is precisely this sensitivity that causes the clear loss of night vision when we turn on a bright light. If there is a large amount of blue or green light, the rods in our eyes are oversaturated and they are filtered out by our brain, leaving only the LMS cone response, which work poorly in low light.
So the LED lamps provide clear, colorful light for the use of our cones while oversaturating our rods and rendering them useless. This would be fine if the roads and surrounding areas were perfectly illuminated, but they are not. Street lights can fail, and they aren’t used at all in rural areas. Unincorporated islands in cities like Los Angeles also lack street lights, so you could be driving in a well-lit area and quickly find yourself in a dark area. Even if street lights are widely installed and well-maintained, there can still be gaps caused by shadows, glare, and other flaws. Any location that is not lit is now black because the lights that provide better color rendering ruin night vision.
I believe the studies on these lights fail to account for this phenomenon. I also believe the LPS and HPS lamps provide good enough color rendering. Since the sodium lights are yellow, providing very little green and no blue, the rods in our eyes can still work. This allows us to perceive blue as dark gray shadow tones. We don’t see the colors accurately, but we can still distinguish them.
